A computer model of D. robustus (pink) next to the much smaller but more skeletally robust P. australis. Credit: C.A. Brassey, R.N. Holdaway, A.G. Packham, J. Anne, P.L. Manning, W.I. Sellers and PLOS ONE. View full size image

The extinct giant moa — one of the tallest birds that ever lived — may not have been as massive and strong-boned as previously thought, according to new research.

The scientific name of the giant moa — Dinornis robustus — translates to "robust strange bird," and the species was the largest of at least nine moa bird species that roamed New Zealand's jungles and shrublands for thousands of years, until going extinct about 500 years ago, likely due to overhunting.

The giant birds looked much like ostriches and emus do today; but their skeletal remains show they would have towered over their cousins, reaching about 12 feet (3.7 meters) tall, which is nearly double the height of modern ostriches.

While skeletal remains reveal the height of the bird, they do not tell the complete story of its body massand how it maneuvered its big bones. Researchers have tried to extrapolate the giant moa's body mass based on the relationship of bone diameter and body masses of modern birds, and also by creating soft tissue reconstructions of the birds using computer models. But both of these estimates produce problematic results, says a team of researchers based at theUniversity of Manchester in the U.K. who recently worked to revise the body mass estimates of the bird. [Avian Ancestors: Dinosaurs That Learned to Fly]

Large legs, less mass
For one, the birds had particularly large legs, so comparing the ratios of bone diameter to body mass with those of modern birds will likely produce overestimates of body mass, study co-author Charlotte Brassey told LiveScience.

The same is true when scientists try to create soft tissue reconstructions.

"The problem is you have to guess how much soft tissues these animals would have had," Brassey said. "Would they be plump, would they be skinny? These are all sources of potential error that you produce."

To calculate a better estimate of the bird's body mass and the maximum load that its large bones could bear, the researchers brought full skeletons of the giant moa into a hospital and conducted computed tomography (CT) scansof the bones — similar to those conducted on people with broken bones — to obtain digital images of the entire skeleton. They did the same for a much-smaller moa species calledPachyornis australis, for comparison.
The researchers then digitally shrink-wrapped the CT scans of both skeletons to estimate their body masses.

The resulting calculations showed that D. robustus was less hefty than previously thought, weighing roughly 440 lbs. (200 kg) rather than past estimates of around 510 lbs. (230 kg). Calculations of P. australis's mass suggested that itweighed just 110 lbs. (50 kg).

Crash-testing skeletons
The team used a computer program to digitally crash-test the birds to determine the amount of force their bones could withstand, and found that P. australis could, surprisingly, withstand more force and was therefore more robust than its larger counterpart erroneously named for the robustness of its bones, the team reports today (Dec. 18) in the journal PLOS ONE.

The team speculates that P. australis may have evolved to have more robust bones to make up for a speedier, more active lifestyle than D. robustus, which may have led a more sluggish life that required less-intense bone impact.

"We kind of assumed that if they were living at the same time that these two species would be similar, and the leg bones would be adapted to the particular environment they were living in," Brassey said. "But it appears that was not the case, and that these two moa birds took on very different forms."

The researchers plan to use their data to try to simulate the locomotion of the birds in order to understand better the birds' lifestyles and how they moved in their environment. This will helpbuild on a growing body of research exploring how other gigantic animals, such as dinosaurs, adapted to accommodate large bodies, Brassey said.

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